COLLABORATION ONLINE: SLOAN-C RESOURCES

Over the years, insights about ALN collaboration from Sloan-C’s annual publications in the quality series, in Effective Practices, and in The Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks (JALN), have been useful for refining theoretical and practical knowledge about online education. This summary points to additional resources related to collaboration.


I. COLLABORATION AND LEARNERS
Trust and common purpose characterize learning communities that collaborate successfully.Rovai's influential paper, A Preliminary Look at the Structural Differences of Higher Education Classroom Communities in Traditional and ALN Courses [5], identifies and provides metrics for the elements of community in online environments, including attitudes about safety, acceptance, critical thinking, absence of confusion and group identity.
Peer-to-peer interactions [6] are one of the most influential features of online courses as Aviv and colleagues point out in "Reciprocity Analysis of Online Learning Networks"-"To develop reciprocity, learners have to go through a process of assessment of risks, rewards and likelihood of reciprocation" [7].Assessing risks and rewards can be a major challenge to learners as they discover that learning online requires significant role adjustment.In Student Role Adjustment in Online Communities of Inquiry: Model and Instrument Validation, Garrison, Cleveland-Innes, and Fung explain that: Inevitably, the student must assume greater responsibility to match the increased control that comes with online learning.This is compounded by the intellectual demands of the precision of written communication.In combining both the freedom and demands of online communication, participants must move from a relatively passive classroom experience into a more active online community of inquiry [8].
Welcoming, easily accessible orientation and ongoing support for faculty [9] and students [10] are invaluable [11] aids for role adjustment.
Within classes, the feelings of community that support effective collaboration grow gradually.Observing how trust and common purpose emerge in online groups, Brown details three stages of community in online environments in The Process of Community-Building in Distance Learning Classes [12].Brown shows that communities develop from introductions, to in-depth discussions, to camaraderie.In each phase, engagement increases.Brown points out that veteran online learners can reach out to novices to help them adjust.At Mercy College, veteran students, known as wizards, have been such an effective support network for their peers and also for instructors that drop out rates have decreased by 50%.Mercy College's Master of Science in Organizational Behavior also emphasizes cohorts to build its online learning community so that whether students are studying online or face-to-face, they always have access to each other and to their mentors.Mercy College is careful to define effective participation so that students understand the collaborative nature of online classes.
Nevertheless, community too frequently grows unevenly, according to Rovai and Ponton in An Examination of Sense of Classroom Community and Learning Among African American and Caucasian Graduate Students because "text-based computer-mediated communication…possesses reduced social cues (e.g., voice inflection and facial expressions), which can lead to misunderstandings": "insufficient interactions of students with peers and faculty and differences with the prevailing value patterns of other students are likely to result in students who feel they do not fit in, which, in turn, may result in a weak sense of community due to lack of engagement, feelings of isolation, and poor academic performance" [13].The climate for collaboration is also affected by gender [14,15,16], generation [17], and cultural context [18].Thus, Swan and Shih point out the importance of presence, finding that high perceptions of presence-"the degree to which participants in computer-mediated communication feel affectively connected one to another"-correlate with high perceptions of learning [19].
"Strive for presence" [20], advises Pelz, who shares specific, inclusive strategies for building learning community among classmates by using active learning with interaction among students of diverse talents and ways of learning [21], and constructivist and challenge-or problem-based assignments [22] in classes that foreground cognitive, social, and teaching presence [23]

II. COLLABORATION AND ASSESSMENT
Collaborative learning pedagogy shifts the focus from the teacher-student interaction to the role of peer relationships in educational success….Group members learn by virtue of mediating socio-emotional variables (such as motivation, reduced anxiety, or satisfaction) that create an emotional or intellectual climate favorable to learning.When working with peers instead of alone (or with the instructor), anxiety and uncertainty are reduced as learners find their ways through complex or new tasks.These effects tend to increase motivation and satisfaction with the learning process in general.
So observe Hiltz and colleagues in Measuring the Importance of Collaborative Learning for the Effectiveness of ALN: A Multi-Measure, Multi-Method Approach [30].
Too often interaction may be conflated with collaboration [13], but Hiltz and colleagues note that true collaborative learning activities can include "seminar-style presentations and discussions (in which students are the teachers), debates, group projects, simulation and role-playing exercises, and collaborative composition of essays, exam questions, web pages, stories, research plans, or other artifacts that demonstrate the knowledge and skills that are the subject of the course" [10].
Conversely, it's also possible that classmates may experience strong community without learning much.Thus in "ALN Research: What We Know and What We Need To Know About Contextual Influences," Hiltz, Arbaugh, and Benbunan-Fich propose that measurements of learning across classes, courses, institutions, organizations and cultures should consider the wide range of variables: 1. the technology (in particular, the media mix); 2. the group (course or class), and the organizational setting (college or university), which define the context in which the technology is used; 3. the instructor; and 4. the individual student [31].
Too often these variables have not been taken into account in assessing what's most valuable about learning online.
In fact, in Considerations For Developing Evaluations of Online Courses, Achtemeier found that most schools do not evaluate online courses according to best practices for effective teaching and learning in online courses, and she describes the new rubrics developed by the University System of Georgia that do focus on best ALN practices, including collaboration among students [32].Applying more appropriate measures to specifically online learning is also the subject of Meyer's Evaluating Online Discussions: Four Different Frames of Analysis, Meyer examines collaborative discussions using four frames-a reflective judgment model; a model of intellectual and ethical development; a four-stage critical-thinking model; and Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives [33].Roblyer and Ekhaml created a rubric to measure the effectiveness of interaction by considering four areas: • Social rapport-building activities created by the instructor; • Instructional designs for learning created by the instructor; • Levels of interactivity of technology resources; • Impact of interactive qualities as reflected in learner response [34].
In Exploring the Interaction Equation: Validating a Rubric to Assess and Encourage Interaction in Distance Courses, Roblyer and Wienecke observe that A rubric which is a valid, reliable measure of various aspects of interaction in distance courses can be used to encourage interaction by students and instructors, as well as to measure how much students perceive it has occurred in given courses.It can also provide valuable feedback for instructors seeking to improve the quality of their online courses [35].
Using the best that is known about interactive online environments, QualityMatters has designed a rubric that enables educators to design their courses and to obtain feedback on design from their peers across multiple institutions.Such inter-institutional collaborative efforts, as Sener suggests [36], are among the most significant opportunities for improving quality.

III. COLLABORATION AND KNOWLEDGE
Swan's primer on constructivism, "A Constructivist Model for Thinking about Learning Online" [37] explains how online environments support active mental construction that is linked to interactions with the environment: Learner-centered teaching…recognizes the importance of building on the conceptual and cultural knowledge that students bring with them to the learning experience, of linking learning to students' experiences, and of accepting and exploring multiple perspectives and divergent understandings.At the same time, learner-centered teaching must be concerned with diagnosing and remediating students' misconceptions.Constructivism suggests that such remediation requires accommodation-that is, that teachers must help students to make their thinking visible, to test it against experience, and to reconstruct more viable understandings.[30] In this light, some online collaborations are especially innovative and noteworthy.For example, beginning with a review of the theoretical foundations of constructivism and an evaluation of methods for discourse analysis, Milton Campos's A Constructivist Method for the Analysis of Networked Cognitive Communication and the Assessment of Collaborative Learning and Knowledge-Building demonstrates how a class of nurses collaborated to create a contract to help motivate heart patients to practice heart-healthy self-care.Also involved in improving the quality of healthcare through online collaboration is the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI).IHI measures improvement through online collaborations among the worldwide community of people who systematically implement changes and report back to each other about successes [38].
• At the New Jersey Institute of Technology, collaborations are designed to involve students in constructing and making meaning visible.• In "Collaborative Assessment in Asynchronous Learning Networks: Research in Progress" [39], Shen and colleagues advocate collaboration in learner-centered assessment proposing to shift the attention in assessment from instructors and teaching to students and learning.• In 'Effectively Managing Large Enrollment Courses: A Case Study" [40], NJIT uses collaboration to encourage an atmosphere for sharing knowledge; students are grouped into cohorts to discuss topics and report back to the group so that the volume of postings is manageable.
• With The Delphi Process as a Collaborative Learning Method, all students participate in a classwide, collaborative, structured learning exercise to generate ideas, organize responses, reduce information overload, expose disagreements, evaluate ideas, and solve problems [41].

• In Participatory Examinations in Asynchronous Learning Networks: Longitudinal Evaluation
Results students make up questions, answer other students' questions, grade answers to questions they author, and appeal grades.
Originating with the University of Massachusetts, the real-time case method used collaboration to enhance learning and reduce new product costs.Students from four universities collaborated on studying the case of a real company to develop and deliver "inexpensive and virtually instantaneous publication of multimedia materials for worldwide access."Bisson and colleagues also used inter-institutional collaboration for entrepreneurship education involving 5 professors at three universities and "created a synergy and net gains in the educational experience that could not have been achieved in the physical classroom" [42].Also especially notable as inter-institutional collaboratives to which many faculty contribute are repositories such as LON-CAPA and Merlot.
As McCurdy and Schroeder note in this issue [43], collaborations among online educators are fruitful.For example, in Spring 2004, Sloan-C conducted an online collaborative workshop in which teams of educators from 170 schools, 11 countries, and 43 U.S. states shared questions and answers in response to challenges about online learning.An example of a collaborative publication that this group produced is ALN Principles for Blended Environments [44].So effective are collaborations among online faculty, that at least one institution has formalized faculty collaboration to design its entire curriculum, and then to share the collaborative process with other institutions.In "Model-Driven Design," Laster describes Babson's interdisciplinary collaboration for "a highly orchestrated design [that] shows how to develop and deliver curricula that teach complex concepts and skills with multi-disciplinary input, with continuous refinement, and with technologies and traditional educational activities that achieve clear learning outcomes" [45].
Babson shares its model with other institutions who wish to adapt it for their own environments.