A Synthesis of Sloan-c Effective Practices, August 2005

To support continuous improvement in the quality, scale and breadth of online education, the Sloan Consortium invites practitioners to share effective practices. This report synthesizes effective practices submitted by Sloan-C members that have been reviewed and are currently listed in Sloan-C Effective Practices online collection at http://www.sloan-c.org/effective. The synthesis includes links to the provider institutions and to detailed postings about practices that address these questions:


I. INTRODUCTION
Sloan-C's Effective Practices collection enables educators to share practices that help achieve the Sloan-C purpose of making quality online education affordable and accessible so that anyone who is motivated and qualified to pursue education can achieve it.To measure progress towards this goal, Sloan-C's quality framework calls for metrics.The framework identifies five pillars as key principles for achieving quality, and Effective Practice postings demonstrate evidence of effectiveness in these areas.Appendix A lists desirable characteristics for each of the pillars in an ideal learning environment; and Appendix B is a brief version of the framework.This synthesis groups effective practices according to solutions that contributors have provided to some frequently encountered questions.Hyperlinks are provided so that readers can examine details about practices and the organizations that have shared them with Sloan-C.

II. STUDENT SATISFACTION
Student satisfaction with the entire learning experience often begins with preparing learners for the online environment.As emphasized by the Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications 2002 report "Beyond the Administrative Core: Creating Web-Based Student Services for Online Learners," "students expect more than static web pages-they are looking for personalized and integrated information and services that will support their higher education experience."

How can schools help learners get started with online learning?
A full range of online services comparable to services provided on campus helps ensure that the quality of learning is at least equivalent to learning in face-to-face settings.The Illinois Virtual College Online Student Resource Center (IVC) helps students succeed in online learning with online resources for: Getting Started, Student Resources (Assessment & Testing; Diverse Populations; Financial Assistance; Health & Wellness; New Students; Purchasing Books Online; Returning Adult Students; Transfer Information), Academic Success Skills (Study Skills/Online Tutoring Sites; Library Skills/Online Research Sites; Writing/Communication Skills; Survival Skills; GPA Calculator), Career & Life Planning (including tutorials that walk students through planning process), and Technology Tools (including tutorials).Students interested in taking an online course can walk through the resources at their own pace, or they can go directly to a category of information.Students at all 66 Illinois campuses can also visit in person any of 40 IVC Student Support Centers, one located in every community college district in the state.Fernuniversitat Hagen provides online tools for enhancing learning effectiveness for easy access to personal data and calendars, assignment results, courses, and contact information for tutors and classmates.At Saint Leo University, a required online orientation introduces learners to resources and expectations, with an overview of support services and resources, through an online, instructor-led orientation course that assures connection and connectivity to entry level students.At eArmyU, ViCTORY (Operation Virtual Counselor Transforms Online Resources for You) is a model for Soldier academic support and success; this fully integrated proactive student-support reaches out to soldiers in more than 50 countries.eArmyU counselors regularly contact soldiers at critical points in their progress, helping to ensure a high rate of completion.Similarly, mentors at Western Governors University know that learners' approaches in its competency-based program may range through a continuum of transforming, performing, conforming or resisting, and so mentors establish regular contact with learners to reduce feelings of frustration and isolation.Long Beach City College (LBCC) provides its orientation on learning skills, Internet skills, and communication skills to all LBCC faculty and students and to others who wish to use the resources at S.I.D.E.Road: Success in Distance Education.

How can schools help learners make good choices?
To help students project and manage their time and also to help decide which courses they can succeed in, Troy State Montgomery provides a syllabus display and time on task as part of the registration process.At the University of Phoenix (UOP), personalized, student-centered life-long learning for adult learners includes consideration for the schedules of working adults; thus, courses are taken one at a time during a six-week-long intensive semester.UOP's small class size, academically qualified practitioner faculty, and outcomes oriented curricula focus on providing students with workplace competence, teamwork practice, and improved communication skills.At Washington State University, flexible enrollment options offer students control of learning, so that they can choose to enroll in a regular semester or extend for a couple of semesters.To help establish social presence and preview subject matter for prospective students, Washington State University provides brief RealPlayer videos in which the professor welcomes students with an introduction to the course.Empire State College requires a course that becomes an educational planning environment in which students and their mentors assess their preparation for college; consider personal, professional and educational goals; identify prior learning; analyze what students need to learn; select courses; choose a concentration, make a curricular plan, and develop and articulate a degree program.At Northern Virginia Community College, a tutorial instructional model builds learnerinstructor interaction into course, assignment, submission and feedback processes.

How can schools build community among learners?
Because student satisfaction is rooted in a learning community, The Pennsylvania State University World Campus's community website connects online students to the university and builds a learning community; and its student/faculty helpdesk, an online customer service, makes online experiences more satisfying for faculty and online students.At the State University of New York Learning Network (SLN), courses emphasize the importance of required interactions between student and faculty, and SLN continuously assesses student satisfaction and reported learning, interaction, learning community formation, and more.To encourage its graduates to stay identified with its community, University of California Berkeley offers tuition discounts for alums for online courses.
To prepare its students for their online course experience, Berkeley College has a comprehensive plan for preparing online students including an orientation site for its online degree students, a required online preparatory course that prepares online students to understand the particulars of online learning and navigate the course management system, an online library orientation, a special one-stop shopping center online degree site with messages from advisors and students services, an online tutoring site that is always available to help students with course material and writing assistance, and ongoing faculty and technical support.At Rochester Institute of Technology each online course has a customized course page with course information, school policies, access and equipment information, and resources.Frederick Community College (FCC) provides a comprehensive array of online library materials and services.Library resources available by remote access include the library catalog, reference data bases, online journals and full-text resources, government documents, news services, and other sources.The library also creates custom web pages with resources that are relevant to individual courses.Services provided online include reference and research assistance, document delivery, interlibrary loan, partnering programs with local libraries, and library user training, including research techniques.
To welcome students to the course community, a professor at Charter Oak State College telephones students on the first day of class to establish communication.At Mercy College, students feel more comfortable about asking for assistance when they can ask their peers, students who are tutors, facilitators, and role models.At the University of Massachusetts Lowell, a course community and resource website builds community building through sharing of student pictures, current and past student work and extensive resources.The University of Arizona College of Nursing Online PhD Program rotates student photos on its portal as an easy way for learners to match names with faces."Well begun is half done" at Old Dominion University where the online student orientation website an interactive gateway that helps prospective students to become acquainted with distance learning.Students can assess their computer proficiency, learn about course registration and choose from a variety of helpful tutorials.Faculty may refer students and advisees to the site and it can easily be embedded into a preexisting website or course site.The Orientation site not only serves as an efficient segue to distance learning, but also proves to be an encompassing resource that can be referenced throughout distance learners' academic careers.
At Saint Joseph's College of Maine, proactive academic advising for distance students meet the institutional goal of providing distance students with access to the same or better resources as their campus-based counterparts.Academic advisors maintain regular contact with prospective students via phone, mail, and email, and help students evaluate their academic and technical readiness for distance learning.Along the way, they encourage students to consider how their pursuit of distance education will fit into their family and work lives and to solicit support from family and friends.Students help students learn at Mercy College where students who have excelled in online courses become "wizards," online teaching assistants.In Mercy College's Master of Organizational Behavior program cohorts build online learning community as learners engage with permanent 12-month cohort of learners, with a permanently assigned mentor, and a permanent team of instructors; learners report a transformation in their academic, personal and professional development; and the program boasts a 90% success rate.

How can schools and faculty assess student satisfaction?
To make sure it provides a satisfying learning experience for graduate students, the Stevens Institute of Technology's WebCampus monitors student satisfaction and other responses every semester by surveying its online graduate students to find out how eager students are to learn and to be involved with their learning environment, how ready they are to collaborate with other students, and how at ease they are with their instructors.Students perceive that their learning is on a par with traditional modes and that the programs provide what they desire in graduate education.
Professor Denise Marchionda at the University of Massachusetts Lowell realized students would appreciate guidelines for managing the online week, so she provided a template for structured activities; students appreciate the guidelines and the distributed pacing of activities, and Marchionda finds the template eliminates questions and reminders about the schedule.

How can schools increase student satisfaction with learning?
Learning designed for student satisfaction is convenient, flexible, relevant, personalized, and engaging; it offers learners options for learning activities and for controlling the pace of learning.
The University of Massachusetts uses the real-time case method to enhance the learning experience, providing extended, in-depth coverage to students at many schools, with real-time interactivity with the case company.Students report high satisfaction with the authenticity of the real case study work that sustains their interest and enthusiasm.
The Pennsylvania State University finds that learners enjoy ePortfolios as a way to evaluate their learning experiences and to share their reflections with peers and potential employers.
Capella University students visit its online writing support center frequently and appreciate the writing tips featured regularly on its learning portal.
The pause and post method improves the frequency and quality of discussion board posts in an education course at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.
For designing and conducting large classes that are intellectually engaging and satisfying for students, Professor Murray Turoff of the New Jersey Institute of Technology provides tips for managing large groups effectively: synchronizing, organizing, socializing, collaborating, sharing and feedback.

How can schools use technology to enhance student satisfaction?
To create a website that intuits and satisfies expectations, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University surveyed its constituents and also invited visitors to give feedback on its website design and incorporated results to create a thoughtful web design that welcome current and perspective users.Another platform designed with users in mind, Moodle is an open-source learning management system designed by faculty with continuous feedback from users as a user-friendly interface for constructive interaction with content and classmates.Designed with a social constructionist framework, Moodle includes many features to enhance social, cognitive and teaching presence: user friendly overall design; easy course, user, and site management; assignment, chat, survey, forum, quiz, and resource modules; and wiki (collaborative writing), encyclopedia, and glossary functions.

III. LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS
Learning effectiveness online benefits from community efforts that help learners adjust their roles to become more aware of learning, more motivated and self-directed, and more confident in online environments.As Karen Swan explains, learning effectiveness benefits from thoughtful interaction; see Relationships between Interactions and Learning In Online Environments, a concise summary of the principles of learning effectiveness, many of which are exemplified in the effective practices listed here.

How can learning design enhance interaction?
Perceptions of learning effectiveness correlate with perceptions of social presence.At Florida State University, social presence begins with introductions in which students complete a personal profile complete with photo; profiles are accessible to the members of the course.Courses at the University at Albany are designed for effective discussion management via modules for readings with critiques, lesson planning, and reflective journals that lead to abundant professor-student interaction.
For effective interaction, students and faculty benefit from clear expectations about communicating; clear expectations help manage the volume and quality of interaction.Thus, across its curriculum, Mercy College finds that defining effective participation helps learners contribute postings that are: substantial (relate to the course material), concise (one screen may be the ideal message length), provocative (encourage others to respond), hermeneutical (expand concepts or connects ideas in new ways), timely (occur in a reasonable time frame-when the topic is under discussion), logical (support point of view with reasons and evidence), and grammatical (are well written).At Herkimer Community College, Professor Bill Pelz encourages student-led discussion to build complex understandings of psychology concepts; discussions require postings that are relevant, important, thought-provoking, original and timely.Moreover applying research on presence to guide online discussions, Pelz helps students develop social, cognitive and teaching presence by grading for postings that document, explain and apply information that contributes to the understanding of some issue under discussion so that classmates gain insight into the subject, and learners become teachers.

How can learning design enhance collaboration?
Asynchronous learning networks (ALN) optimize opportunities for collaborative learning and demonstration of learning.The University of Florida's Internet MBA uses online peer evaluation of writing assignments so that students give reciprocal feedback on each others' projects.For teachers in training, the University of Cincinnati's early childhood learning community uses multimedia for virtual assessment of and reflection on student teaching to enable students to do student-teaching in their own communities, and use online channels to self-evaluate, to obtain mentoring, and to create online journals and portfolios.At the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML), professors in various disciplines use online resources to enhance learning.A UML education course uses electronic portfolios for organizing and assessing; each student builds an individual repository of materials, demonstrating industry and growth across a semester's worth of work.Portfolios help students and faculty demonstrate and track learning.At UML psychology professor provides a publication in personality psychology that integrates original writings of theorists, case studies and personality assessment inventories, so that students can apply, personalize and critique theoretical knowledge.And UML accounting professors enable the practical application of accounting concepts using EDGAR, the Security and Exchange Commission's (SEC) electronic data gathering, analysis, and retrieval system so that students have meaningful illustrations and practical applications of financial reporting using actual SEC data.

How can learning design inculcate academic honesty?
Adjustment to online learning includes understanding institutional policies for academic honesty and integrity.Florida State University applies the same honor code online and face to face.At the Virtual Academic Integrity Laboratory (VAIL), visitors to the online University of Maryland University College Center for Intellectual property find resources for faculty and administrators and for students.To verify identity, Pace University provides secure testing for online learners through a proctoring network.

How can schools assess learning effectiveness?
In the University at Albany's computer and media education courses, students participate in and learn to create lesson plans incorporating rubrics-not only do rubrics help assess student performance, by helping students focus on what matters in the course, they help refine the course and reduce questions about grades, easing faculty workload.Massachusetts Institute of Technology recognizes that a common objective scale for quality can benefit higher education efforts in joint development and shared resources, ultimately reducing the overall costs of online learning.Thus, MIT proposes a new methodology for evaluation: the pedagogical rating of online courses.This tool for overall evaluations of online courses or modules demonstrates that pedagogical effectiveness increases as cognitive opportunity increases, via attention to learning styles, media elements, and interaction.Michigan State University uses LON-CAPA, open source freeware for assessment and content management, to obtain immediate, detailed feedback about online homework, which can be used to quickly adjust lectures, recitation sessions, and individual help to address learner needs.The University of Wisconsin-Madison's Master of Engineering in Professional Practice has an integrated assessment system for courses, overall program and post-program career impacts that includes an evaluation of each course by students and faculty; an evaluation of the overall program at graduation; and a follow-up survey of alumni, their co-workers, and their family members to measure the impact of the program upon professional and personal development of alumni.The practice provides evidence of continuous improvement through regular team review and implementation of assessment results.

How can technology support learning?
Learning benefits when relevant, active, interaction with content enables learners to apply skills and concepts.Technology offers options for simulations, online labs, and collaborations that support active learning.At Rio Salado, an online class helps students actively learn human anatomy using online resources such as interactive tutorials, tests, puzzles, practice lab practicals, games, and written assignments.A course at Riverside Community College shows that outcomes improve when students have online access to elementary algebra with interactions, tutorials and workshops.Sheffield College boasts 100% success rates in its preparatory English certificate that helps students qualify for university entry.At Harper College, a chemistry course includes a lab environment that demonstrates applications of theoretical concepts, including lab applications via blended learning, combining online and face-to-face learning.A course in ethics at the University of Massachusetts Lowell uses a mock trial to engage students in critical thinking about technology.Stanford designs custom tutorials using courselets, selfcontained, integrated sets of learning materials for unlimited practice and review to enhance the learning experience for students and reduce the demand for faculty time.At Indiana University, the TALON Learning Object System provides repurposeable learning objects that faculty can easily adapt to create interactive content for writing, visual learning, math and more so that students can master skills and content.The University of Vermont College of Medicine transformed traditional education with an integrated curriculum that includes a wide variety of multimedia educational technology tools and applications hybrid learning environments, including reusable learning objects, virtual reality models, streaming audio and video, and online exams.Because students interact with the self-directed, online educational tools at their own speed on their own time, prior to attending face-to-face lectures, faculty have been more efficiently focusing their face-to-face time with students in class.
WGBH PBS models rich multimedia content that is both educational and entertaining in its Nova program The Elegant Universe-each segment provides online transcripts, assignments, animations, interactivities, links to related sites and references, technical support, cinematography, narrative, video clips, and audio including music.

IV. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND INSTITUTIONAL COMMITMENT
Cost effectiveness in online education is often a reflection of institutional commitment to providing quality online, so that online learning achieves outcomes that are at least equivalent to outcomes achieved in other delivery modes.In many cases, as the practices listed here demonstrate, online programs create efficiencies that exceed those accomplished in traditional modes.

How can schools share resources to improve learning and avoid costs?
Consortia and other partnerships offer institutions opportunities to improve quality by sharing knowledge, resources and costs.In the Virtual Library of Virginia (VIVA), 39 state-supported colleges and universities in the Commonwealth of Virginia use technology to improve learning and productivity, and at the same time avoid costs (estimated $74.5M) by sharing library resources online.The Colorado Community Colleges Online share the costs of online services including student admissions, records, advising, and bookstore.Business schools at four different universities from Canada to Florida collaborate in using the real-time case method (RCTM) to enhance learning and reduce costs-RCTM is scalable to more universities.

How can redesign improve access, affordability, and learning, and save effort?
Re-designing courses can improve learning and access, free up faculty time, reduce physical plant costs, reduce dropout, failure, withdrawal (DFW) rates, and maintain or increase enrollment.
The Pew Course Redesign Project demonstrates how substitutions of technology for labor increase access, achieve cost savings, and utilize technology to facilitate learning.In courses in multiple settings, universities are able to reduce classroom space and contain costs or achieve some cost savings by substituting a primarily asynchronous learning model for the traditional classroom model.
A redesigned computer literacy course at the University of Buffalo produced 54-60% reductions in cost per student.An introductory psychology course at University of Southern Maine reduced lecture time, increased interaction and completion rates, and reduced cost per student by more than 50%.At the University of Dayton, redesign reduced course sections of introductory psychology by 50% by combining sections with more collaborative and interactive learning models.At Brigham Young University, redesigning Freshman Composition resulted in less time in class, greater interaction, and maintained learning outcomes and satisfaction; Vanderbilt University's distributed learning electronics labs increase access and decrease the number of trips to a physical lab at a reduced cost.At Virginia Tech, an online math course eliminates class meetings, maintains learning outcomes, and improves completions.At the University of Iowa, a redesigned chemistry course enables students to report homework and laboratory results online, with a cost savings of about $10 per student.Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis lowered the cost of introductory sociology by about 20% while improving learning outcomes and completion rates.An introductory Spanish course at the University of Tennessee Knoxville reduced faculty workload by automating grading and increased enrollment and achievement.The Pennsylvania State University redesigned an introductory statistics course with a 30% reduction in cost per student, reducing lecture and preparation time, adding computerized testing, and increasing interaction.Faculty at West Chester University improved instruction and reduced workload by introducing a virtual biology laboratory.Western Kentucky University's self-paced, web-based computer literacy course reduced cost per student by two-thirds while increasing enrollment more than threefold.The University of Central Florida redesigned a course in American National Government, and anticipates annual cost avoidance of $70K in physical space while increasing collaboration and interaction.With the addition of a teaching assistant, Rio Salado redesigned a math course to reduce faculty staffing and increase enrollments with a decrease in per student costs of 37%.The University of Maryland University College introduced interactive faculty training via CD-ROM to provide a standardized, high-quality, flexible, and reusable delivery mechanism to worldwide faculty in its more than 3000 sections of faculty training.

How can schools use technology to improve strategic planning?
At The Pennsylvania State University, cost effectiveness means balancing educational outcomes and costs, thus The Pennsylvania State World Campus adopted a budgeting system that includes the costs of faculty compensation, instructional design, faculty development activities, marketing, and student services administration.The University of California, Davis compares face to face and online courses for cost-effectiveness and student pass rates, linking student learning outcomes with development and delivery costs.Central Virginia Community College has a comprehensive plan to enhance the quality of online education via assessment and five-year goals.Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg controls costs and frees resources via cost analyses that answer these questions: How much does it cost and why?Is the program scalable?What is the ideal class size?What is the time required to teach an online class?Is it cheaper to outsource activities?What can be done for quality investment?
Michigan State University's Office of MSU Global created an effective 5-phase business planning and costing model that streamlines the development and implementation process for online degree and certificate programs; its program costing model aims to ensure return on investment; and its global academic business planning model helps plan and implement hybrid degree and certificate programs in partnership with international higher education institutions.Florida State University's Office for Distributed and Distance Learning created an About Online Learning @ FSU website that features snapshots of online learning data under six categories that reveal a variety of information about FSU's courses, students and instructors related to FSU's online degree programs.This website has become a tool for reflective and demonstrative purposes that can ultimately lead to teaching and learning improvements and for strategic planning.

How can schools use technology to provide cost effective services for faculty, students and administrators?
Kentucky Virtual University planned for effectiveness and efficiency by creating a one-stop shopping portal that collocates admissions, registration, resources, the virtual library (KVL), the virtual high school (KVHS), and adult education (KVAE).Duquesne University provides important financial information to students by listing the various funding options on its tuition web page.The Pennsylvania State University's comprehensive academic advising and information system saves approximately $1M and considerable transaction time while giving students more responsibility for learning.Florida State University created an efficient and user-friendly test proctoring process that reduces duplications and eliminates the need to mail exam materials to proctors.At Pace University, asynchronous faculty and curriculum development tools provide support to faculty, and curriculum development projects improve student and faculty satisfaction with little or no additional cost.An online faculty staffing tool is a more efficient means of scheduling faculty course assignments at the University of Maryland University College.The Rochester Institute of Technology's History Department cost effectively built an online course with free materials and, in the process, created an online inventory of resources that are freely available online for other educators to create web-enhanced, blended or fully online humanities and social science courses.

V. ACCESS
Access for anyone who is qualified and motivated to pursue studies calls for administrative and support services and for more choices for more learners and more kinds of learners.Thus effective practices in access show how organizations facilitate learning opportunities in large and small ways.

How can specialized online student services and resources make access easier?
Pace University supports students with online support services, including math tutoring, and measures the effectiveness of these services.
The University of Phoenix provides one-click access to student services and resources directly from online courses.
Saint Leo University provides online access to community-building activities and opportunities.
Community College of Baltimore County, Essex offers a "walk through the web" course in several formats to introduce students, faculty and staff to all of the services that are provided on CCBC-Essex's web site.
Kentucky Virtual University (KYVU) enables students from participating institutions to register for KYVU courses using common application and registration forms.
The Pennsylvania State University responds rapidly to users, emphasizes service, and projects a distinctive identity through its website that provides a smooth connection to information, programs, and services.
For a highly mobile learner population, eArmyU provides U.S. Army Soldiers unprecedented access to all the resources needed to pursue higher education while simultaneously serving in demanding work environments.
So students can get information any time, Maryland AskUsNow is a 24/7 live online interactive library service that uses the expertise of librarians to provide Maryland residents and students-statewide and nationwide-with answers to questions, research guidance, and help navigating the Internet.The University of Maryland University College's electronic document delivery service allows UMUC students and faculty to access journal articles and book chapters.Open access to scientific journals online means more equitable access, and using primary published research results can enhance student learning by developing critical and other higher-order thinking skills.
To ease and speed admission processes, Saint Leo University reports transfer credit rapidly from its data base of thousands of sources of equivalencies and provides degree completion program outlines quickly.
For students who want customized learning help, SMARTHINKING provides anywhere, anytime tutoring in real time one-on-one online tutoring services to students.Pace University provides a tip for enhancing access-use mid-week start/end frames for assignments; at Pace, working adults prefer midweek rather than weekend due dates.

How can schools help students access support and adapt to academic culture?
When students decide to enroll, Boise State (BSU) helps them visualize the enrollment procedure via an online flowchart; BSU's "boot camp" is an asynchronous online training program that prepares students for succeeding online.Northern Virginia Community College provides many ways for prospective students to find out about courses; before enrolling; its continuous enrollment and expandable course sections help meet growing learner demand for more access.The State University of New York Learning Network (SLN) provides learners and faculty access to online learning communities as critically important learning resources.
Access also means that students are aware of choices and resources, thus Fairleigh Dickinson helps create skilled lifelong global learners by requiring all of its undergraduates to take online courses.Pace University's university/industry partnership with CAEL, the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning and the telecommunications industry provides access for telecommunications employees and their employers.Maryland Digital Library (MDL) provides online electronic library resources to Maryland higher education institutions.Rice University connects graduate students to virtual guests in asynchronous discussions, enabling students to interact with experts, expressing individual concerns and discussing them without time and place constraints.Two pilot projects at the University of Helsinki demonstrate the potential of mobile Learning to increase access to learning opportunities and resources.Once students are enrolled, access includes helping students make education more affordable, thus Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University makes buying and selling used textbooks online easy.

How can schools provide access to special populations?
The University of Washington's DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology) Center makes distance courses accessible to students with disabilities, provides resources online, and promotes the accessible design of online courses nationwide.The Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications provides students, researchers and administrators with time-and locationindependent support and information services, including academic advising, career planning, financial aid, library services, orientation, personal counseling, tutoring, disability services, call centers, and guidance for re-engineering student services.An exemplar of such services is Rio Salado, which uses a systems approach to online learning: integration of the activities of the course development and support, student services, faculty services, information services, admissions and records and marketing departments offers students more than two hundred unique courses, with 90% of the courses available for students to enroll in every two weeks (twenty-six start times per year), with the remainder of the courses usually available for enrollment six to eight times per year.Rio never cancels a class, even if only one student enrolls.James Madison University provides summer online courses so that students can meet their graduation requirements when courses are inaccessible during the Fall and Spring terms on campus.
Access to learning for specialized populations of learners occurs in various discipline-based courses with practices that might be adapted or use across disciplines, like these in: Business: FCIB, an association of executives in finance, credit, and international business, and Michigan State University Global (MSU Global) formed an innovative partnership that applies an instructor-led, cohortbased model for corporate online learning and leads to certificates in international credit and risk management.The University of California-Riverside (UCR) Graduate School of Education uses electronic portfolios in its teaching credential program.To foster students' critical thinking and interpersonal skills, and enable students to make connections between service and their academic work, Bemidji State University's Distributed Learning in Teacher Education (DLiTE) program uses e-service for experiential service learning opportunities in online courses.At the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, the Library and Information Science program creates a significant difference in the way students participate in a rapidly changing profession, including helping learners is to create a community of practice in the new online environment.

Engineering:
The University of Toledo's (UT) collaborative partnering approach enables UT to offer engineering technology online degree programs statewide.
Stevens Institute of Technology, in partnership with several scholarly global organizations, provides graduate engineering certificate programs online.

Environment:
The University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point (UWSP) Extension offers environmental studies online and in hybrid formats.
NOAA's interactive course: Collaborative Processes, is self-paced series of interactive modules explores roles and processes, stakeholders, meeting and conflict management, and assessment of task/process behaviors can help identify individual and collective styles.

Health:
Creighton University provides a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, expanding access to underserved populations in rural areas that are not within driving distance of a place-bound pharmacy school.Rochester Institute of Technology, in conjunction with the Monroe County (NY) Health Alert Network (HAN) and the New York State Association of County Health Officials (NYASCHO), funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), offers instructor-led online learning for adult voluntary learners who need job-related training.

Humanities:
Integrated Medical Curriculum (IMC) provides The Doctor's Dilemma, an interactive medical ethics program that uses text-and photo-based material to explore "complex or controversial issues found in contemporary medical practice" through role-playing.
Minneapolis College of Art and Design's Distance Learning Initiative re-creates the studio-based model online for art and design education.
Goucher College's MA in historic preservation is a hybrid program course that requires one in-person introductory meeting.
Boston Architectural Center offers online professional design education, a field which relies on expressive representation, subjective interpretation, and critique in a wide range of graphic, verbal and quantitative media.

Science:
Western Washington University's integrated laboratory network (ILN) provides better access to scientific instrumentation and expertise anytime, and from anywhere by allowing students and researchers to operate instruments located at different campus locations via the internet.The ILN also enables direct exchange of information, data, and classroom material, modeling the virtual laboratory of the future, enabling learners and teachers to apply the philosophy that science is a dynamic, iterative, ongoing, and collaborative process.Northern Virginia Community College provides chemistry laboratories for science majors using home laboratories, computer exercises, field trips, and college laboratories to improve access and learning experience.The University of Colorado at Denver (UCD) offers lab-based science courses in online and hybrid formats for anytime anywhere chemistry experiences.

How can schools use technology to improve access?
Training users and employing technologies that simplify operations eases access for various constituents in organizations.The University of Illinois -Springfield facilitates technical support with screen capture software, GifgIfgiF, that animates software demonstrations; and it uses Impatica to reduce the need for plug-ins, converting PowerPoint lectures into streaming Java presentations.Duquesne University enables learning-on-the-go for access to course and study materials so that busy adult students can listen to audio recordings any time via MP3.Washington State University's Distance Degree Programs uses streaming technologies to publish course descriptions, faculty bios and student testimonials in close-captioned streaming audio with revolving photos, allowing students an opportunity to quickly and easily see and hear the fine details of WSU-DDP online courses.At Atlantic Cape Community College, faculty-staffstudent partnerships produce reusable and shareable learning objects.Distance learning faculty specialists bridge the gap between faculty and administration through the Distance Learning Faculty Specialist (DLFS) model, developed by Eastern Oregon University to help involve faculty in distance education.The University of South Queensland (USQ) is building strategically planned, systematically integrated, institutionally comprehensive implementation of information and communication technologies including automated responses, intelligent object databases, and other information and communication technologies, including automated response systems and intelligent object databases to automate certain aspects of interaction with students, increasing access to higher education on a global scale.

VI. FACULTY SATISFACTION
Faculty satisfaction with online teaching reflects institutional commitment to building and sustaining environments that are personally rewarding and professionally beneficial.The practices listed here include resources and strategies for ensuring faculty success.

How can schools foster greater community among faculty?
One of the great benefits for faculty who teach online is the opportunity to connect with new communities.Within these communities, quality is a frequent topic for

How can schools encourage and support research opportunities for faculty?
In the relatively young field of online education, faculty and others enjoy opportunities for research and publication.The Indiana Partnership for Statewide Education has assembled guiding principles for faculty in distance learning online to help faculty members teach courses online.The Greater Detroit Area Partnership for Training improves faulty satisfaction with its analysis of faculty experience and standards of excellence that addresses concerns identified by faculty feedback.

How can schools recognize and reward faculty who teach online?
Studies like the above can lead to initiatives that improve faculty satisfaction by rewarding faculty for their achievements in development, research and teaching online.In its ongoing study and enhancement of faculty satisfaction, The Pennsylvania State University World Campus implements three principles to study and enhance faculty satisfaction: proactively and continuously managing expectations, distinguishing between "real" and "perceived" problems, and identifying and targeting the locus of control and change; its multidimensional UniSCOPE model for review of scholarly activity recognizes and rewards faculty for online activities.

How can technology help organize and enhance faculty activities?
Technology enables rapid distribution, integration, and feedback of information that can lighten faculty workload.Uni Open Platform for instructor support and workload management, created by FernUniversitat Hagen, automates administrative processes, allowing faculty members to spend more time supporting and advising students.
A professor at the University of Maine at Fort Kent continuously improves his syllabus, incorporating and publishing results by annotating the syllabus during course delivery; using feedback for reflecting, evaluating, and planning ahead; and by documenting and sharing the improvements made to his course.At Athabasca University, faculty members can update their materials themselves via their browsers with the use of blogging software with an estimated 90% reduction in the time usually taken to update online course materials from two weeks per semester to one day; to keep the community current with tools, Athabasca graduate students compare the growing array of LMS software at http://cde.athabascau .ca/softeval/.Berkeley College using Intranets Conferencing, a commercial service that enables faculty to confer online and develop or modify an online course, incorporate media, and have their questions, problems, and concerns attended to quickly and easily anywhere and any time.
The Learning Online Network-Computer-Assisted Personalized Approach (LON-CAPA), developed at Michigan State University, is open source software that enables instructors to create computer-assisted personalized assignments, quizzes, and examinations.
The Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT) peer reviews online teaching-learning materials and publishes materials online, making them freely available to faculty everywhere.

VII. CONCLUSION
The practices in this synthesis may be found useful, refined for local contexts, and adapted across a wide range of institutions.Thanks to the generosity of effective practices contributors, the questions in this synthesis identify some ways asynchronous learning networks are transforming higher education.Yet, the questions are by no means comprehensive, and the practices suggest a multitude of innovations still to be developed and shared.Readers are welcome to add question, to build on these ideas, and to contribute Sharing of faculty experiences, practices and knowledge about online learning is part of the institutional knowledge sharing structure There is a parity in workload between classroom and online teaching Significant technical support and training are provided by the institution

Student Satisfaction
Students are successful in learning online and are typically pleased with their experiences.Measurement of student attitudes finds that: Discussion and interaction with instructors and peers is satisfactory Actual learning experiences match expectations Satisfaction for services (advising, registration, access to materials) are at least as good as on the traditional campus Orientation for how to learn online is satisfactory Outcomes are useful for career, professional and academic development At Harvard University, modeling experiential learning and exemplary standards helps learners use various pedagogies, media and technology to improve learning.Rice University connects teachers in training with virtual guests who are expert teachers through asynchronous discussions; virtual guests can host asynchronous interactive discussions and students can interact with them expressing individual concerns without time and place constraints.
At the University of Massachusetts Lowell, a course in theory and research in curriculum keeps students current with virtual textbooks, web hot spots, and weekly newsflashes.The University of Virginia provides virtual electronics laboratories using visual representations of microelectronics devices to help students internalize concepts.

21. How can schools prepare faculty to teach online more effectively?
discussion, activities and resource sharing.Maryland Faculty Online provides affordable faculty technology training via the Faculty Online Technology Training Consortium (FOTTC); its Project Synergy is a collaborative effort to train Maryland faculty in the 23 higher education institutions.FOTTC gathers, reviews, enhances, and disseminates interactive, technology-based, Web-accessible learning objects for use in key discipline areas.The project has enabled faculty to develop a repository of over 100 Web-accessible learning objects in six key discipline areas; the learning objects are enhanced with assignments, assessments, and instructions for using these learning objects effectively.The project has also developed models for enhancing learning objects in the disciplines.The project helps to establish the Maryland Faculty Online web site as the statewide web-based training center for the ongoing professional development of faculty.The University of Calgary's best practices in e-learning online showcase enables practitioners in e-learning to meet, share and showcase their best practices with each other.University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and Great Cities Institute integrate adjunct faculty into the community of practitioners through activities and incentives.The University of Massachusetts Lowell promotes faculty collaboration through an online faculty book club; the book club enables faculty to discuss issues and share effective practices.Florida Community College at Jacksonville Distance Learning uses a virtual mentoring program to support online adjunct faculty with instructional and technical support and to liaise between faculty and Virtual College staff.At the University of Massachusetts Lowell, veteran online faculty mentors become cyber-celebrities and guest speakers who interact and share their experiences with faculty new to online teaching and course development.George Mason University created a faculty fellows program to increase faculty skills and interest in online education and to provide social and technical support.Florida State University recognizes faculty as WebStars and publishes their effective teaching tips on special web pages for sharing knowledge about using technology to improve quality of instruction.California State University, Chico provides an online rubric for online instruction to demonstrate and encourage exemplary faculty work in online education.Members of online communities can stay abreast of the rapidly changing environment and apply information to the development of their online offerings by subscribing to University of Illinois Springfield daily blogs on new and developing initiatives, methodologies, and technologies in ALN.Faculty preparation for teaching online measurably improves learning effectiveness and satisfaction.Thus, because learning effectiveness also focuses on faculty, The Pennsylvania State University provides a self-paced faculty development program that helps faculty understand distance education students; recognize how distance education differs from traditional resident instruction; determine course goals, learning model, and content; determine course assignments, interactions and assessments; choose delivery technology; and understand legal issues in course design.The program includes guidelines for clear communication and netiquette.Another useful self-paced teaching aid is the Learning to Teach with Technology Studio (LTTS) at the Indiana University (IU) School of Education.This program offers K-12 teachers forty five online courses that include email facilitation and a standard course structure.The structure of courses is described in an online IU tour:• Problem: Introducing the problem • Process: How to go about solving the problem • Solution: Completing the course project • Assessment: How your work will be assessed • Resources: What resources are available to help you Faculty teaching online find that knowing behavior patterns improves teaching and learning, thus researchers at the University of Central Florida design learning activities and interaction to correspond to learners' energy levels, need for approval, and styles of dependence and independence.To enable faculty to design courses and control the quality of content, schools and organizations provide training and resources.A four-stage faculty development process, created by State University of New York Learning Network, leads to high faculty satisfaction with teaching online.The Monroe Model, created by Monroe Community College, is a site-based and online support framework that addresses any issues or questions faculty might face.CoreOnline at Boise State University is a graduated faculty development model, in which teams of faculty learn online instruction skills and practice them as they collaborate on the development of a targeted general education core course.At University of Nebraska Lincoln's Extended Education and Outreach, a five-week online summer faculty development program of training for online teaching takes both novice and experienced online instructors through the steps of course development and management, online teaching, and online assessment.The Berkeley College Online Faculty Resource Center is a media-rich interactive site that provides faculty with comprehensive resources.Catalyst is the University of Washington's online faculty guide to distance teaching; Catalyst uses multiple feedback mechanisms (e.g., focus groups, online evaluations, surveys, usability studies, e-mail and face-to-face comments) to assess its effectiveness and overall impact.The learning to teach online program (LeTTOL) program, created by South Yorkshire Further Education Consortium, helps participants gain the skills they need to develop and deliver online courses.North Carolina State University Distance Education and Learning Technology Applications (DELTA) RFP Program, created by North Carolina State University, funds faculty in the planning, design, and development of distance education programs.
Northeastern University's Center for Innovative Course Design rewards faculty through student-nominated faculty awards for effective and innovative technology usefaculty receive recognition for effective or innovative use of technology to support good teaching and learning; students feel empowered by nominating examples of effective practice.Auburn University has fundamentally transformed its tenure and promotion process giving faculty more freedom of choice for spending time and resources.And Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis includes technology scholarship in its faculty reward structure for the use of technology for teaching and learning.