Beyond the screen: Students’ voices on synchronous online learning in higher education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v30i3.5374Keywords:
Online learning, Student Evaluations of Teaching (SET), performance, higher educationAbstract
This study explores students’ perceptions of synchronous learning during a period of rapid pedagogical transformation in higher education. Triggered by a systemic shift from traditional face-to-face instruction to online formats, institutions were compelled to redesign their teaching methods, communication channels, and assessment practices. Drawing on qualitative data from 5,154 open-ended responses in Student Evaluations of Teaching (SET) across two Israeli colleges, the research investigates how students experienced and interpreted these abrupt instructional changes. Four overarching themes emerged from the analysis: (1) the development and importance of soft skills, (2) the role of course structure, (3) perceptions of instructional professionalism, and (4) the influence of the digital platform. These findings offer insights into students’ adaptive responses to institutional change and contribute to the understanding of synchronous online learning as a complex pedagogical process.
References
Abuhassna, H., & Alnawajha, S. (2023). The transactional distance theory and distance learning contexts: Theory integration, research gaps, and future agenda. Education Sciences, 13(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020112
Achim, N., & Al Kassim, A. (2015). Computer usage: the impact of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 701-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.422
Alfadda, H. A., & Mahdi, H. S. (2021). Measuring students’ use of zoom application in language course based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of psycholinguistic research, 50(4), 883-900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09752-1
Almahasees, Z., Mohsen, K., & Amin, M. O. (2021, May). Faculty’s and students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19. Frontiers in education 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.638470
Alsayer, A. A., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2024). Measuring social presence in online learning: A validation study. Education and Information Technologies, 30(5), 5655-5676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12972-w
Alshammari, S. H., & Alkhwaldi, A. F. (2025). An integrated approach using social support theory and technology acceptance model to investigate the sustainable use of digital learning technologies. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 342-365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83450-z
Aristovnik, A., Keržič, D., Ravšelj, D., Tomaževič, N., & Umek, L. (2020). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: A global perspective. Sustainability, 12(20), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208438
Asirvatham, S., & Jamil, N. (2025). Hybrid Horizons: Exploring students’ perceptions of blended learning in the post-Covid era. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395251337762
Bezerra, I. M. P. (2020). State of the art of nursing education and the challenges to use remote technologies in the time of corona virus pandemic. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 30(1), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.10087
Bhatt, S., & Shiva, A. (2020). Empirical examination of the adoption of Zoom software during COVID-19 pandemic: Zoom TAM. Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 12(6), 70-88. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.12.20/08
Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. K. (2003). Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria. Presence: Teleoperators & virtual environments, 12(5), 456-480. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474603322761270
Boysen, G. A. (2023). Student evaluations of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 9(3), 254. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000222
Chen, Y. J. (2001). Dimensions of transactional distance in the world wide web learning environment: A factor analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 32(4), 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00213
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The journal of positive psychology, 12(3), 297-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613
Cranfield, D. J., Tick, A., Venter, I. M., Blignaut, R. J., & Renaud, K. (2021). Higher education students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19—A comparative study. Education Sciences, 11(8), 403-414. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080403
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Eagle, L., & Brennan, R. (2007). Are students customers? TQM and marketing perspectives. Quality assurance in education, 15(1), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684880710723025
Elyakim, N., Reychav, I., Offir, B., & McHaney, R. (2017). Perceptions of transactional distance in blended learning using location-based mobile devices. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(1), 131-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117746169
Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership That Gets Results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 78-78. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A60471886/AONE?u=anon~85afd20b&sid=googleScholar&xid=aee3bebf
Gonzalez, T., De la Rubia, M. A., Hincz, K. P., Comas-Lopez, M., Subirats, L., Fort, S., & Sacha, G. M. (2020). Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education. PloS One, 15(10), e0239490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239490
Guilbault, M. (2016). Students as customers in higher education: Reframing the debate. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 26(2), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2016.1245234
Hammonds, F., Mariano, G. J., Ammons, G., & Chambers, S. (2017). Student evaluations of teaching: improving teaching quality in higher education. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 21(1), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2016.1227388
Harrison, R., Meyer, L., Rawstorne, P., Razee, H., Chitkara, U., Mears, S., & Balasooriya, C. (2022). Evaluating and enhancing quality in higher education teaching practice: A meta-review. Studies in Higher Education, 47(1), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1730315
He, S., Jiang, S., Zhu, R., & Hu, X. (2023). The influence of educational and emotional support on e-learning acceptance: An integration of social support theory and TAM. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 11145-11165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11648-1
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, 27(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004702813_021
Ismaili, Y. (2021). Evaluation of students’ attitude toward distance learning during the pandemic (COVID-19): A case study of ELTE university. On the Horizon, 29(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-09-2020-0032
Jeon, J., & Lee, S. (2023). Teachers’ use of motivational strategies in the synchronous online environment: A self-determination theory perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 11963-11986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11656-1
Kamarianos, I., Adamopoulou, A., Lambropoulos, H., & Stamelos, G. (2020). Towards an understanding of university students’ response in times of pandemic crisis (COVID-19). European Journal of Education Studies, 7(7), 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i7.3149
Kozlova, I. (2022). Lessons Learnt from Emergency Online Face-to-Face when Back on Campus from Transactional Distance Theory Perspective. PREPRINT (Version 1). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2276611/v1
Lowenthal, P. R. (2010). The evolution and influence of social presence theory on online learning. In Social computing: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications (pp. 113-128). IGI Global.
Lowenthal, P., Borup, J., West, R., & Archambault, L. (2020). Thinking beyond Zoom: Using asynchronous video to maintain connection and engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.70725/331114ctnutj
Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., & Roser, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/policy-responses-covid
Means, B., & Neisler, J. (2021). Teaching and learning in the time of COVID: The student perspective. Online Learning, 25(1), 8-27. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v25i1.2496
Mohamed Riyath, M. I., Muhammed Rijah, U. L., & Rameez, A. (2022). Students’ attitudes on the use of Zoom in higher educational institutes of Sri Lanka. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 17(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-11-2021-0130
Mok, K. H., Xiong, W., & Bin Aedy Rahman, H. N. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic’s disruption on university teaching and learning and competence cultivation: Student evaluation of online learning experiences in Hong Kong. International Journal of Chinese Education, 10(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/2212586821100701
Moore, M. G. (2013). The theory of transactional distance. In Handbook of distance education (pp. 66-85). Routledge.
Owusu-Fordjour, C., Koomson, C. K., & Hanson, D. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on learning-the perspective of the Ghanaian student. European journal of education studies, 7, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753586
Powell, Z., Davis, C., Yadav, R., & Gates, T. G. (2022). Using zoom in teaching human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of Australian students. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(8), 1101-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.2002752
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford.
Salikhova, N. R., Lynch, M. F., & Salikhova, A. B. (2021). Adult learners’ responses to online learning: A qualitative analysis grounded in self-determination theory. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/11176
Shah, S. S., Shah, A. A., Memon, F., Kemal, A. A., & Soomro, A. (2021). Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Applying the self-determination theory in the “new normal.” Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 26(2), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2020.12.003
Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. London, John Wiley.
Stefanile, A. (2020). The transition from classroom to Zoom and how it has changed education. Journal of Social Science Research, 16(7), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v16i.8789
Sun, J., & Yan, L. (2023). Using topic modeling to understand comments in student evaluations of teaching. Discover Education, 2(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-023-00051-0
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M.L. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource, 4th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Turnbull, D., Chugh, R., & Luck, J. (2021). Transitioning to E-Learning during theCOVID-19 pandemic: How have Higher Education Institutions responded to the challenge?. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6401-6419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10633-w
Ulker, N. (2021). How can student evaluations lead to improvement of teaching quality? A cross-national analysis. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 26(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2021.1873406
Ullmann, T., & Rienties, B. (2021). Using text analytics to understand open-ended student comments at scale: insights from four case studies. In Assessing and Enhancing Student Experience in Higher Education (pp. 211-233). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80889-1_9
Wang, C., Hsu, H. C. K., Bonem, E. M., Moss, J. D., Yu, S., Nelson, D. B., & Levesque-Bristol, C. (2019). Need satisfaction and need dissatisfaction: A comparative study of online and face-to-face learning contexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 95, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.034
Warfvinge, P., Löfgreen, J., Andersson, K., Roxå, T., & Åkerman, C. (2022). The rapid transition from campus to online teaching–how are students’ perception of learning experiences affected. European Journal of Engineering Education, 47(2), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2021.1942794
Wedari, L. K., Fatihah, A. N., & Rusmanto, T. (2022). Zoom application acceptance in online learning: An analysis with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 12(9), 821-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80889-1_9
Weidlich, J., Göksün, D. O., & Kreijns, K. (2023). Extending social presence theory: Social presence divergence and interaction integration in online distance learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 35(3), 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-022-09325-2
Wut, T. M., & Xu, J. (2021). Person-to-person interactions in online classroom settings under the impact of COVID-19: a social presence theory perspective. Asia Pacific Education Review, 22(3), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09673-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yonatan Shertzer, Edna Rabenu, Emanuel Tamir, Hilla Cohen-Nissan, Orit Gilor

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
As a condition of publication, the author agrees to apply the Creative Commons – Attribution International 4.0 (CC-BY) License to OLJ articles. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
This licence allows anyone to reproduce OLJ articles at no cost and without further permission as long as they attribute the author and the journal. This permission includes printing, sharing and other forms of distribution.
Author(s) hold copyright in their work, and retain publishing rights without restrictions

