BRICS AND CLICKS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v12i1.1703Keywords:
Cross-Border Education, Globalization, BRIC, GATS, Internationalization, Distance Learning, Access, Right to EducationAbstract
Projections for the global economy frequently center on the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. As futurists and economists alike define and re-define both formal and informal coalitions (for example, by broadening the R in BRIC to include all Eastern European economies or instead re-directing the discussion to G-8 countries or to World Trade Organization members), the education profiles of the individual nations sometimes resemble economic indicators: what is imported, what is exported, and what is the potential for expansion. Higher education, and specifically distance learning (the Clicks element of this paper), can already be charted in these terms for some nations. This paper describes the current role of distance learning in countries described as growing economies and proposes a typology for describing change as additional data become available. The paper informs readers of global developments in distance education, using the BRIC nations as examples.
References
McMurtrie, B. The global campus. The Chronicle of Higher Education 53(26): A37, March 2 2007.
UNESCO. Education of all indicators: Expert group meeting. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2001. Available: http://www.uis.unesco.org/file_download.php?URL_ID=3810&filename=10419538070EFA_report_EN.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=600553&name=EFA_report_EN.pdf&location=user-S/.
Knight, J. Trade in higher education services: The implications of GATS. London: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, International Strategic Information Service, 2002a.
Dikshit, H. P., S. Gang, S. Panda & Vijayshri (Eds.). Access and Equity: Challenges for Open and Distance Learning. New Delhi: Kogan Page India, 2002.
Bourne, J., J. C. Moore, J. Sener, F. Mayadas & L. F. Ettinger. Increasing access in online higher education. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 10(3): 2006.
Hezel, R. Global e-learning opportunity for U.S. higher education: Introduction to Asia, 2005. Available: http://www.hezel.com/globalreport/IntrotoAsia.pdf.
Contact North. Northern Ontario’s Distance Education & Training Network, 2007. Available: http://www.contactnorth.ca/.
Birchard, K. Canadian distance-education network to be expanded to Northern Ontario. Chronicle of Higher Education 52(47): A31, July 28 2006.
Gordon, J. & Z. Lin. A journey through China. E-Learning Age: 16–18, October 2004.
Keegan, D. Mobile learning: The next generation of learning. The 18th Asian Association of Open Universities Annual Conference, Shanghai, November 2004. Available: http://learning.ericsson.net/mlearning2/files/Des_paper_AAOU.pdf.
Baggaley, J. & B. Batpurev. The world-wide inaccessible web, part 1: Browsing. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 8(2): 2007.
Baggaley, J., B. Batpurev & J. Klaas. The world-wide inaccessible web, part 2: Internet routes. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 8(2): 2007.
Sharing quality higher education across borders. Document issued by the International Association of Universities (IAU), the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), the American Council on Education (ACE), and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). International Higher Education 39: 3–6, Spring 2005.
Miller, D. C., A. Sen, L. B. Malley & E. Owen. Comparative indicators of education in the United States and other G-8 countries: 2006. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, 2007.
Woo, S. Several other countries outpace U.S. growth in international students. The Chronicle of Higher Education: October 17, 2006.
Labi, A. Chinese enrollments drop in Britain. The Chronicle of Higher Education 52(11): A49, 2005.
Labi, A. Foreign students increase in Britain. The Chronicle of Higher Education 53(5): A44, September 22, 2006a.
British Council. Study in your own country: Why study for a U.K. qualification in your own country? 2007. Available: http://www.educationuk.org/.
MacLeod, D. & L. Ford. On the brink of a revolution. The Guardian: February 28, 2006. Available: http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/overseasstudents/story/0,,1719178,00.html.
Jung, I. Changing faces of open and distance learning in Asia. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 8(1): 2007.
American Council on Education. U.S. update on the GATS negotiations and issues for higher education: March 2007. Available: http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=2806.
Knight, J. Trade creep: Implications of GATS for higher education policy. International Higher Education 28: 5–7, Summer 2002b.
Robinson, D. GATS and the OECD/UNESCO guidelines and the academic profession. International Higher Education 39: 6–7, Spring 2005.
Sorensen, O. GATS and education: An “insider” view from Norway. International Higher Education 39: 7–9, Spring 2005.
Hallak, J. & M. Poisson. Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: What can be done? Paris: International Institute for Education Planning, 2007.
Ding, H. Students at a Chinese radio and television university: Reasons for participation, and perceptions of their status as students and the quality of their learning. Unpublished dissertation, Northern Iowa University, UMI Number: 3222547, 2006.
Daniel, J. S., A. Kanwar & S. Stamenka Uvalić-Trumbić. Mega university = mega quality? Address at the 2nd World Summit of Mega-Universities, 25 September 2005, New Delhi.
UNESCO/OECD. Governing Board of the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Guidelines for Quality Provisions in Cross-Border Higher Education, 2003. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/27/51/35779480.pdf.
Altbach, P. G. Knowledge and education as international commodities: The collapse of the common good. International Higher Education 28: 2–5, Summer 2002.
Green, M. & M. Baer. Global learning in a new age. The Chronicle of Higher Education B24: November 9, 2001.
Daniel, J. S. Mega-universities and knowledge media. London: Routledge, 1996.
Jung, I. Quality assurance survey of mega universities. In C.McIntosh & Z. Varoglu (Eds.), Perspectives on Distance Education: Lifelong Learning and Distance Higher Education, 79–96. Paris: UNESCO, 2005.
UNESCO Mega universities, 2005. http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=42857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
Moloney, J. and B. Oakley. Scaling online education: Increasing access to higher education. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 10(3): July 2006. http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v10n3/v10n3_2moloney.asp.
IEA. Second information technology in education study module 2. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, n.d. http://www.iea.nl/sites-m2.html.
National Center for Education Statistics. Comparative indicators of education in the United States and other G-8 countries: 2006. [NCES 2007-006]. 2007.
UNESCO. International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 1997, November 1997. http://www.unesco.org/education/information/nfsunesco/doc/isced_1997.htm. United Nations’ Provisional Central Product Classification. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcs.asp?Cl=9&Lg=1&Co=92.
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Education trends in perspective: Analysis of the World Education Indicators,
http://www.uis.unesco.org/TEMPLATE/pdf/wei/WEI2005.pdf.
Altbach, P.G. The rise of pseudouniversities. International Higher Education 25: Fall 2001. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News25/text001.htm.
UNESCO. World education indicators, 2007. http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=3767&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.
Litto, F. The hybridgization of distance learning in Brazil: An approach imposed by culture. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 2(2): 1–14, 2002.
Muller, S. Distance learning in higher education: A comparative analysis of universities in Brazil and the United States. Unpublished thesis. University of Texas at El Paso, UMI Number: EP10592, 2004.
Hughes. Distance learning grows up in Brazil, 2007. http://www.hughes.com/HUGHES/Rooms/DisplayPages/LayoutInitial?Container=com.webridge.entity.Entity%5BOID%5B33B5E4F6F5372C4791B01B0A7EC1432D%5D%5D&pageid=page00000904.
Ribeiro, E. B. Q., H. C. Hoeschl, T. C. D. Bueno & S. Hoffmann. A Brazilian experience on technological distance and learning for law students and professionals. 18th BILETA Conference: Controlling Information in the Online Environment: London, April 2003.
Training Press Release. Simulacra’s founder working with Brazilian Government on Distance Education policies, 2005. http://www.trainingpressreleases.com/newsstory.asp?NewsID=1469.
Kavamoto, C. A., C. L. Wen, L. R. Battistella & G. M. Bohm. A Brazilian model of distance education in physical medicine and rehabilitation based on videoconferencing and Internet learning. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 11(1): 80–82, 2005.
Distance learning students in Russia reflect benefits of IIS/SCIL collaborative study. Stanford Center for Innovations in Learning, Stanford University, n.d. http://scil.stanford.edu/news/russia10.htm.
Townsend, P. University helps develop distance learning center in southern Russia. Outlook Online. University of Maryland. February 20, 2007. http://www.outlook.umd.edu/article.cfm?id=2426.
Department of Higher Education, Government of India. National level educational statistics-At a glance, 2007. http://www.education.nic.in/stats/Pocket(As%20on%2017.04.2007)glance.pdf.
Annual Report 2006–2007. Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development. Delhi, 2007.
Broadband to go free in 2 years. The Economic Times. April 26, 2007.
Selingo, J. International deals carry potential for ‘sleaze.’ The Chronicle of Higher Education 53(26): A40, March 2, 2007.
Yang, R. Lost opportunities in the massification of higher education in China. International Higher Education 28: 16–18, Summer 2002.
Mooney, P. The wild, wild east: Foreign universities flock to China, but are there riches to be made, or just fool’s gold? The Chronicle of Higher Education 52(24): A46, February 17, 2006.
Mohrman, K. World-class universities and Chinese higher education reform. International Higher Education 39: 22–23, Spring 2005.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
As a condition of publication, the author agrees to apply the Creative Commons – Attribution International 4.0 (CC-BY) License to OLJ articles. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
This licence allows anyone to reproduce OLJ articles at no cost and without further permission as long as they attribute the author and the journal. This permission includes printing, sharing and other forms of distribution.
Author(s) hold copyright in their work, and retain publishing rights without restrictions
