Learning Analytics to Inform the Learning Design: Supporting Instructor’s Inquiry into Student Learning in Unsupervised Technology-Enhanced Platforms

Authors

  • Priya Harindranathan Colorado State Univeristy
  • James Folkestad Colorado State Univeristy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i3.2057

Keywords:

effective learning strategies, learning design, learning analytics, unsupervised technology-enhanced platforms

Abstract

Instructors may design and implement formative assessments on technology-enhanced platforms (e.g., online quizzes) with the intention of encouraging the use of effective learning strategies like active retrieval of information and spaced practice among their students. However, when students interact with unsupervised technology-enhanced learning platforms, instructors are often unaware of students’ actual use of the learning tools with respect to the pedagogical design. In this study, we designed and extracted five variables from the Canvas quiz-log data, which can provide insights into students’ learning behaviors. Anchoring our conceptual basis on the ‘influential conversational framework’, we find that learning analytics (LA) can provide instructors with critical information related to students’ learning behaviors, thereby supporting instructors’ inquiry into student learning in unsupervised technology-enhanced platforms. Our findings suggest that the information that LA provides may enable instructors to provide meaningful feedback to learners and improve the existing learning designs.

Author Biography

Priya Harindranathan, Colorado State Univeristy

Priya Harindranathan is a PhD candidate at School of Education, Colorado State University. Her research interests include supporting student learning via  data-driven evidence, design of curriculum and interventions to encourage effective student learning and multi-cultural education

References

Agudo-Peregrina, Á. F., Iglesias-Pradas, S., Conde-González, M. Á., & Hernández-García, Á. (2014). Can we predict success from log data in VLEs? Classification of interactions for learning analytics and their relation with performance in VLE-supported F2F and online learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 542–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.031

Al-Busaidi, K. A. (2013). An empirical investigation linking learners adoption of blended learning to their intention of full e-learning. Behaviour and Information Technology, 32(11), 1168–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2013.774047

Angus, S. D., & Watson, J. (2009). Does regular online testing enhance student learning in the numerical sciences? Robust evidence from a large data set. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00916.x

Arnold, K. E. (2010). Signals: Applying Academic Analytics. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 33(1), 87–92. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ890465

Artino, A. R. (2008). Motivational beliefs and perceptions of instructional quality: Predicting satisfaction with online training. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(3), 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00258.x

Bakharia, A., & Dawson, S. (2011). SNAPP: a bird’s-eye view of temporal participant interaction. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge - LAK ’11, 168–173. Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2090144

Baleni, Z. G. (2015). Online formative assessment in higher education. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 13(4), 228–236. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1062122

Becker, B. (2013). Learning Analytics: Insights Into the Natural Learning Behavior of Our Students. Behavioral and Social Sciences Librarian, 32(1), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639269.2013.751804

Bienkowski, M., Feng, M., & Means, B. (2012). Enhancing Teaching and Learning Through Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics: An Issue Brief. In Proceedings of conference on advanced technology for education (pp. 1–67).

Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013). Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 417–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823

Black, P, & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5

Black, Paul, & Wiliam, D. (1998a). Assessment and Classroom Learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969595980050102

Black, Paul, & Wiliam, D. (1998b). Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment. Granada Learning (Vol. 80). https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm

Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995). Feedback and Self-

Regulated Learning : A Theoretical Synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 65(3), 245–281. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311405999

Campbell, J. (2007). Utilizing student data within the course management system to determine undergraduate student academic success: An exploratory study. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/openview/b45d77b76b37eeb78fcba1809b543fc6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., & Cepeda, N. J. (2009). Using tests to enhance 8th grade students’ retention of U.S. history facts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(6), 760–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1507

Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., Wixted, J. T., & Vul, E. (2008). The effects of tests on learning and forgetting. Memory and Cognition, 36(2), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.2.438

Carroll, J. B. (1989). The Carroll Model: A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective View. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X018001026

Chou, C., Peng, H., & Chang, C. Y. (2010). The technical framework of interactive functions for course-management systems: Students’ perceptions, uses, and evaluations. Computers and Education, 55(3), 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.04.011

Coates, H., James, R., & Baldwin, G. (2005). A critical examination of the effects of learning management systems on university teaching and learning. Tertiary Education and Management, 11(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-004-3567-9

Collis, B., & van Der Wende, M. (2002). Models of technology and Change in Higher Education. Report of the Center for Higher Education Policy Studies. Twente: University of Twente. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marijk_Wende/publication/254858185_Conclusions_discussion_and_recommendations/links/563a997808ae405111a58bde.pdf

Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2004). Supporting self-regulation in student-centered web-based learning environments. International Journal on E-Learning, 3(1), 40–47. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/4104/

de Freitas, S., Gibson, D., Du Plessis, C., Halloran, P., Williams, E.,

Ambrose, M., … Arnab, S. (2015). Foundations of dynamic learning analytics: Using university student data to increase retention. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(6), 1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12212

Dias, S. B., & Diniz, J. A. (2014). Towards an enhanced learning management system for blended learning in higher education incorporating distinct learners’ profiles. Educational Technology and Society, 17(1), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.2307/jeductechsoci.17.1.307

Doige, C. A. (2012). E-mail–Based Formative Assessment: A Chronicle of Research-Inspired Practice. Journal of College Science Teaching, 41(6), 32–39.

Dyckhoff, A. L., Zielke, D., Bültmann, M., Chatti, M. A., & Schroeder, U. (2012). Design and Implementation of a Learning Analytics Toolkit for Teachers. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(3), 58–76.

Gašević, D., Dawson, S., Rogers, T., & Gasevic, D. (2016). Internet and Higher Education Learning analytics should not promote one size fits all : The effects of instructional conditions in predicting academic success. The Internet and Higher Education, 28, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.10.002

Govaerts, S., Verbert, K., Duval, E., & Pardo, A. (2012). The student activity meter for awareness and self-reflection. In CHI’12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 869–884). https://doi.org/10.1145/2212776.2212860

Hacker, D. J., Bol, L., Horgan, D. D., & Rakow, E. A. (2000). Test prediction and performance in a classroom context. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(1), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.1.160

Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03542.x

Hays, M. J., Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2013). When and why a failed test potentiates the effectiveness of subsequent study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(1), 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028468

Hernández-Leo, D., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Pardo, A., Muñoz-Cristóbal, J. A., & Rodríguez-Triana, M. J. (2019). Analytics for learning design: A layered framework and tools. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12645

Hung, J.-L., Wang, M. C., Wang, S., Abdelrasoul, M., Li, Y., & He, W. (2017). Identifying At-Risk Students for Early Interventions—A Time-Series Clustering Approach. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 5(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2015.2504239

Hung, J.-L., & Zhang, K. (2008). Revealing online learning behaviors and activity patterns and making predictions with data mining techniques in online teaching. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 426–437.

Islam, A. K. M. N. (2013). Investigating e-learning system usage outcomes in the university context. Computers and Education, 69, 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.037

Kaendler, C., Wiedmann, M., Rummel, N., & Spada, H. (2015). Teacher competencies for the implementation of collaborative learning in the classroom: A framework and research review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(3), 505–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9288-9

Kapler, I. V., Weston, T., & Wiseheart, M. (2015). Spacing in a simulated undergraduate classroom: Long-term benefits for factual and higher-level learning. Learning and Instruction, 36, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.11.001

Karpicke, J. D., Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L. (2009). Metacognitive strategies in student learning: Do students practise retrieval when they study on their own? Memory, 17(4), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210802647009

Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger III, H. L. (2007). Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.004

Karpicke, J. D., & Smith, M. A. (2012). Separate Mnemonic Effects of Retrieval Practice and Elaborative Encoding. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 17–29. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X12000149

Kennedy, G., Corrin, L., Lockyer, L., Dawson, S., Williams, D.,

Mulder, R., … Copeland, S. (2014). Completing the loop: Returning learning analytics data to teachers. Rhetoric to Reality: Critical Perspectives on Educational Technology. Proceedings Ascilite, 436–440. Retrieved from https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/52690/76-Kennedy.pdf?sequence=1%0Aascilite2014.otago.ac.nz/files/concisepapers/76-Kennedy.pdf

Knight, S., & Sydney, T. (2018). Augmenting Formative Writing Assessment With Learning Analytics : A Design Abstraction Approach. In 13th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS) 2018 (pp. 1783–1790).

Kornell, N., Jensen Hays, M., & Bjork, R. A. (2009). Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(4), 989–998. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015729

Krüger, A., Merceron, A., & Wolf, B. (2010). Educational Data Mining 2010 3 rd International Conference on Educational Data Mining. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (pp. 131–140).

Kuosa, K., Distante, D., Tervakari, A., Cerulo, L., Fernández, A., Koro, J., & Kailanto, M. (2016). Interactive Visualization Tools to Improve Learning and Teaching in Online Learning Environments. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 14(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2016010101

Larsen, D. P., Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Test-enhanced learning in medical education. Medical Education, 42(10), 959–966. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03124.x

Laurillard, D. (2002). Rethinking university teaching: A conversational framework for the effective use of learning technologies. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134871759

Lawton, D., Vye, N., Bransford, J., Sanders, E., Richey, M., French, D., & Stephens, R. (2012). Online Learning Based on Essential Concepts and Formative Assessment. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(2), 244–287. Retrieved from http://www.jee.org

Leahy, S., Lyon, C., Thompson, M., & Wiliam, D. (2005). Classroom Assessment: Minute by Minute, Day by Day. Educational Leadership, 63(3), 19–24. https://doi.org/Article

Lester, J. C., Mott, B. W., Robison, J. L., Rowe, J. P., & Shores, L. R. (2013). Supporting Self-Regulated Science Learning in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In International handbook of metacognition and learning technologies (pp. 471–483). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_30

Lockyer, L., Heathcote, E., & Dawson, S. (2013). Informing Pedagogical Action: Aligning Learning Analytics With Learning Design. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1439–1459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479367

Lockyer, Lori, & Dawson, S. (2012). Where learning analytics meets learning design. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 14–15). https://doi.org/10.1145/2330601.2330609

Lockyer, Lori, Heathcote, E., & Dawson, S. (2013). Informing Pedagogical Action. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1439–1459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479367

Lodge, J., & Lewis, M. (2012). Pigeon pecks and mouse clicks: Putting the learning back into learning analytics. In Future challenges, sustainable futures. Proceedings ascilite Wellington (pp. 560–564). Retrieved from http://www.ascilite2012.org/images/custom/lodge,_jason_-_pigeon_pecks.pdf

Macfadyen, L. P., & Dawson, S. (2010). Mining LMS data to develop an “early warning system” for educators: A proof of concept. Computers and Education, 54(2), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.008

Mazza, R., & Dimitrova, V. (2007). CourseVis: A graphical student monitoring tool for supporting instructors in web-based distance courses. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.008

McDaniel, M. A., Agarwal, P. K., Huelser, B. J., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, III, H. L. (2011). Test-enhanced learning in a middle school science classroom: The effects of quiz frequency and placement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(2), 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021782

McDaniel, M. A., Thomas, R. C., Agarwal, P. K., Mcdermott, K. B., & Roediger III, H. L. (2013). Quizzing in Middle-School Science: Successful Transfer Performance on Classroom Exams. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(3), 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2914

Mcdaniel, M. A., Wildman, K. M., & Anderson, J. L. (2012). Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Using quizzes to enhance summative-assessment performance in a web-based class : An experimental study ଝ. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.10.001

McKay, T., Miller, K., & Tritz, J. (2012). What to do with actionable intelligence, 88. https://doi.org/10.1145/2330601.2330627

McMahon, M. (2002). Designing an online environment to scaffold cognitive self-regulation. In Proceedings of the 2002 Annual International Conference of the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA) (pp. 457–464).

McTighe, J., & O’Connor, K. (2005). Seven Practices for Effective Learning. Educational Leadership, 63(3), 10–17.

Merceron, A., & Yacef, K. (2008). Interestingness Measures for Association Rules in Educational Data. In Proceedings of Educational Data Mining Conference (pp. 57–66). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sebastian_Ventura/publication/221570435_Data_Mining_Algorithms_to_Classify_Students/links/09e41510a07a799fc0000000.pdf#page=57

Milliner, B., & Cote, T. J. (2018). Faculty Adoption, Application, and Perceptions of a CMS in a University English Language Program. In Handbook of Research on Integrating Technology Into Contemporary Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 161–175). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5140-9.ch008

Mitrovic, A., Suraweera, P., Martin, B., & Weerasinghe, A. (2004). DB-suite: Experiences with Three Intelligent, Web-based Database Tutors. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 15(4), 409–432. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/18899/

Mor, Y., Ferguson, R., & Wasson, B. (2015). Editorial: Learning design, teacher inquiry into student learning and learning analytics: A call for action: Learning design, TISL and learning analytics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(2), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12273

Nazari, K. B., & Ebersbach, M. (2018). Distributing mathematical practice of third and seventh graders: Applicability of the spacing effect in the classroom. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ACP.3485

Nguyen, V. A. (2017). Towards the implementation of an assessment-centred blended learning framework at the course level. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 34(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-08-2016-0031

O’Sullivan, T. P., & Hargaden, G. C. (2014). Using structure-based organic chemistry online tutorials with automated correction for student practice and review. Journal of Chemical Education, 91(11), 1851–1854. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed500140n

Pachler, H., Bain, P. M., Bottge, B. A., Graesser, A., Koedinger, K., McDaniel, M., & Metcalfe, J. (2007). Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning. National Center for Education Research. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED498555

Pashler, H., Rohrer, D., Cepeda, N. J., & Carpenter, S. K. (2007). Enhancing learning and retarding forgetting: Choices and consequences. In Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (Vol. 14, pp. 187–193). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194050

Richland, L. E., Kornell, N., & Kao, L. S. (2009). The pretesting effect: do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016496

Rienties, B., Boroowa, A., Cross, S., Kubiak, C., & Mayles, K. (2016). Analytics4Action Evaluation Framework: A Review of Evidence-Based Learning Analytics Interventions at the Open University UK. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2016(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.394

Roediger III, H. L., Agarwal, P. K., McDaniel, M. A., & McDermott, K. B. (2011). Test-Enhanced Learning in the Classroom: Long-Term Improvements From Quizzing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(4), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026252

Roediger III, H. L., & Butler, A. C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003

Roediger III, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). The Power of Testing Memory: Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 181–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x

Roll, I., Aleven, V., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2007). Can Help Seeking Be Tutored ? Searching for the Secret Sauce of Metacognitive Tutoring. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education AIED 2007, 158, 203–210. Retrieved from http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1563601.1563637

Roll, I., Wiese, E. S., Long, Y., Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2014). Tutoring Self-and Co-Regulation with Intelligent Tutoring Systems to Help Students Acquire Better Learning Skills. In Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 169–182). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BNWEBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA169&dq=tutoring+self+and+coregulation+&ots=jJn-HGCn_I&sig=lzBrGcTJQPUyyv7GlpcCD6F55Vo

Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2013). Data mining in education. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 3(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1075

Sánchez-Alonso, S., & Vovides, Y. (2007). Integration of metacognitive skills in the design of learning objects. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(6), 2585–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2006.08.010

Saqr, M., Fors, U., & Tedre, M. (2017). How learning analytics can early predict under-achieving students in a blended medical education course. Medical Teacher, 39(7), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1309376

Schutte, G. M., Duhon Gary, J., Solomon Benjamin, G., Poncy Brian, C., Moore, K., & Story, B. (2015). A comparative analysis of massed vs. distributed practice on basic math fact fluency growth rates. Journal of School Psychology, 53(2), 149–159. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022440514001034

Silius, K., Tervakari, A.-M., & Kailanto, M. (2013). Visualizations of user data in a social media enhanced web-based environment in higher education. In Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2013 IEEE (Vol. 8, pp. 893–899). https://doi.org/10.1109/EduCon.2013.6530212

Sinclair, J., & Aho, A. M. (2018). Experts on super innovators: understanding staff adoption of learning management systems. Higher Education Research and Development, 37(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1342609

Sobel, H. S., Cepeda, N. J., & Kapler, I. V. (2011). Spacing effects in real-world classroom vocabulary learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 763–767. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1747

Soderstrom, N. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2014). Testing facilitates the regulation of subsequent study time. Journal of Memory and Language, 73, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.03.003

Sun, J. C. Y., & Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self-efficacy and self-regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x

Tanes, Z., Arnold, K. E., King, A. S., & Remnet, M. A. (2011). Using Signals for appropriate feedback: Perceptions and practices. Computers and Education, 57(4), 2414–2422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.05.016

Tempelaar, D. T., Rienties, B., & Giesbers, B. (2015). In Search for the Most Informative Data for Feedback Generation Learning Analytics in a Data-Rich Context. Computers in Human Behavior, 47, 157–167. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.038

van Leeuwen, A. (2015). Learning analytics to support teachers during synchronous CSCL: Balancing between overview and overload. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2), 138–162. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2015.22.11

Vovides, Y., Mitropoulou, V., & Nickmans, G. (2007). The use of e-learning Course Management Systems to support learning strategies and to improve self- regulated learning. Educational Research Review, 2(1), 64–74.

Wang, F. H. (2017). An exploration of online behaviour engagement and achievement in flipped classroom supported by learning management system. Computers and Education, 114, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.012

Winne, P. H., & Jamieson-Noel, D. (2002). Exploring students’ calibration of self reports about study tactics and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(4), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00006-1

Winne, P. H., Jamieson-Noel, D., & Muis, K. (2002). Methodological issues and advances in researching tactics, strategies, and self-regulated learning. Advances in Motivation and Achievement: New Directions in Measures and Methods, 12, 121–155.

Wise, A. F. (2014). Designing pedagogical interventions to support student use of learning analytics. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on learning analytics and knowledge - LAK ’14 (pp. 203–211). https://doi.org/10.1145/2567574.2567588

Wise, A. F., & Shaffer, D. W. (2015). Why Theory Matters More than Ever in the Age of Big Data. Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2015.22.2

Zhang, D., Zhao, J. L., Zhou, L., & Nunamaker, J. F. (2004). Can e-learning replace classroom learning? Communications of the ACM, 47(5), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1145/986213.986216

Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1990). Student Differences in Self-Regulated Learning: Relating Grade, Sex, and Giftedness to Self-Efficacy and Strategy Use. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.51

Zimmerman, B. J., Moylan, A., Hudesman, J., White, N., &

Flugman, B. (2011). Enhancing self-reflection and mathematics achievement of at-risk urban technical college students. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 53(1), 108–127. Retrieved from http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/Centers/CASE/enhancing_self_reflection.pdf

Downloads

Published

2019-09-01

Issue

Section

2019 OLC Conference Special Issue